Development of a Standardised System to Classify Injury-Inciting Circumstances in Football: the Football Injury Inciting Circumstances Classification System (FIICCS).

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive examination of the sport-specific activities and circumstances being performed at the time of injury is important to hypothesise mechanisms, develop prevention strategies and inform future investigations. Results reported in the literature are inconsistent because inciting activities are reported using different classifications. Hence the aim was to develop a standardised system for the reporting of inciting circumstances. METHODS: The system was developed using a modified Nominal Group Technique. The initial panel included 12 sports practitioners and researchers from four continents with respectively ≥ 5 years of experience working in professional football and/or conducting injury research. The process consisted of six phases: idea generation, two surveys, one online meeting and two confirmations. For answers to the closed questions, consensus was deemed achieved if ≥ 70% of respondents agreed. Open-ended answers were qualitatively analysed and then introduced in subsequent phases. RESULTS: Ten panellists completed the study. The risk of attrition bias was low. The developed system includes a comprehensive range of inciting circumstances across five domains: contact type, ball situation, physical activity, session details, contextual information. The system also distinguishes between a core set (essential reporting) and an optional set. The panel deemed all the domains to be important and easy to use both in football and in research environments. CONCLUSION: A system to classify inciting circumstances in football was developed. Given the extent of reporting inconsistency of inciting circumstances in the available literature, this can be used while further studies evaluate its reliability.

Characteristics of major sports injuries in high-performance athletes / Características das principais lesões esportivas em atletas de alto desempenho / Características de las principales lesiones deportivas en atletas de alto rendimiento

ABSTRACT Introduction The focus of attention in high-performance athlete injuries tends to be on physical recovery, neglecting psychological factors and their practical social impacts on the rehabilitation of the injured athlete. In this phase, giving attention to the importance of athletes' thoughts, emotions, and motivation can speed up the biopsychosocial rehabilitation process. Objective To analyze the characteristics involved in the major sports injuries of high-level athletes to provide a reference for athletes and coaches during recovery. Methods This article analyzes through bibliographic research the characteristics of the major sports injuries in high-level athletes, including physiological, psychological, and social factors. Results The physical impact of injuries requires patience and persistence for recovery, including additional muscle strengthening to compensate for the loss of residual joint proprioception, ensuring performance recovery. Mental factors such as insecurity when returning from games, reduced self-confidence, and fear of hurting the team must be worked through in parallel in multi-professional care and during long recovery periods. Conclusion Sports injuries can occur in athletes of all levels. For elite athletes, the impact of injuries, especially severe ones that need to interrupt training or even surgery, will lead to forced suspension of training or competition, preventing the improvement of sports performance, decreasing the quality of the sports career, and may even lead to physical or psychological disability in severe cases. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução O foco da atenção nas lesões dos atletas de alto desempenho tende a ser a recuperação física, negligenciando os fatores psicológicos e seus impactos sociais práticos na reabilitação do atleta lesionado. Atentar-se a importância dos pensamentos, emoções e motivação dos atletas nessa fase pode agilizar o processo de reabilitação biopsicosical. Objetivo Analisar as características envolvidas nas principais lesões esportivas dos atletas de alto nível, a fim de fornecer referência para atletas e treinadores durante a recuperação. Métodos Este artigo analisa através de pesquisa bibliográfica as características das principais lesões esportivas dos atletas de alto nível, incluindo fatores fisiológicos, psicológicos e sociais. Resultados O impacto físico das lesões requer paciência e persistência para recuperação, incluindo o fortalecimento muscular adicional visando compensar a perda da propriocepção articular residual, garantindo a recuperação do desempenho. Fatores mentais como insegurança na volta dos jogos, redução de autoconfiança e medo de prejudicar o time devem ser trabalhados paralelamente num atendimento multiprofissional e deve-se compensar os aspectos de socialização nas recuperações de longo prazo. Conclusão As lesões esportivas podem ocorrer em atletas de todos os níveis. Para os atletas de elite, o impacto das lesões, especialmente as graves que precisam interromper o treinamento ou mesmo a cirurgia, levará à suspensão forçada do treinamento ou da competição, impedindo a melhoria do desempenho esportivo, diminuindo a qualidade da carreira esportiva e podendo até mesmo levar à incapacidade física ou psicológica em casos graves. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción El foco de atención en las lesiones de los atletas de alto rendimiento tiende a centrarse en la recuperación física, descuidando los factores psicológicos y sus impactos sociales prácticos en la rehabilitación del atleta lesionado. Prestar atención a la importancia de los pensamientos, las emociones y la motivación de los deportistas en esta fase puede acelerar el proceso de rehabilitación biopsicológica. Objetivo Analizar las características implicadas en las principales lesiones deportivas de los atletas de alto nivel, con el fin de proporcionar una referencia para los atletas y los entrenadores durante la recuperación. Métodos Este artículo analiza a través de la investigación bibliográfica las características de las principales lesiones deportivas de los atletas de alto nivel, incluyendo factores fisiológicos, psicológicos y sociales. Resultados El impacto físico de las lesiones requiere paciencia y persistencia para la recuperación, incluido el fortalecimiento muscular adicional destinado a compensar la pérdida de la propiocepción articular residual, asegurando la recuperación del rendimiento. Los factores mentales, como la inseguridad para volver a los juegos, la disminución de la confianza en sí mismo y el miedo a dañar al equipo, deben trabajarse en paralelo en una atención multiprofesional, y los aspectos de socialización deben compensarse en las recuperaciones a largo plazo. Conclusión Las lesiones deportivas pueden producirse en atletas de todos los niveles. En el caso de los deportistas de élite, el impacto de las lesiones, sobre todo de las más graves que obligan a interrumpir el entrenamiento o incluso a operar, conlleva la suspensión forzosa de los entrenamientos o de la competición, impidiendo la mejora del rendimiento deportivo, disminuyendo la calidad de la carrera deportiva y pudiendo llegar incluso a la incapacidad física o psicológica en los casos graves. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Sports injuries and risk factors for table tennis among nonprofessional collegiate athletes: A cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT: Despite the increasing popularity of table tennis worldwide, few studies have focused on table tennis injuries.This study aimed to investigate the injury profiles, including the injury rate, types, locations, and risk factors, among nonprofessional collegiate table tennis athletes in Taiwan.We performed an online investigation among collegiate table tennis athletes of the nonprofessional category in the 2019 National Intercollegiate Athletic Games in Taiwan. Participants provided general information, and data on the characteristics of their play style, training, and injuries were collected. We then categorized these participants into injured and noninjured groups. Injuries were classified as mild, moderate, and severe, based on the time loss in playing table tennis. The risk factors for table tennis-related sports injuries were then identified through between-group comparisons.In total, 150 participants responded to the questionnaire. The average participant age was 21.3 years. Gender differences existed in age categories, forehand rubber, backhand style of play, and average days of training per week. Over the 6 months before the study, 76 of 150 participants experienced at least one injury. The handedness for play was associated with the occurrence of injury. Factors associated with injury severity included using rubber other than inverted rubber for the forehand and not qualifying for the national round of the team category of the National Intercollegiate Athletic Games.With a considerably high injury rate among nonprofessional collegiate athletes, further studies are required on table tennis-related injuries. Playing styles such as handedness and type of rubber used might be associated with the injury. The lower limb was the most common site of injury. These results may provide insights into trainers and coaches for further measures on injury prevention.

Role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the prognosis and classification of muscle injuries in professional football players: correlation between imaging and return to sport time.

PURPOSE: To study distractive muscle injuries applying US and MRI specific classifications and to find if any correlation exists between the results and the return to sport (RTS) time. The second purpose is to evaluate which classification has the best prognostic value and if the lesions extension correlates with the RTS time. METHODS: A total of 26 male, professional soccer players (age 21.3 ± 5.6), diagnosed with traumatic muscle injury of the lower limbs, received ultrasound and MRI evaluation within 2 days from the trauma. Concordance between US and MRI findings was investigated. The relationships between MRI and US based injury grading scales and RTS time were evaluated. Correlation between injuries' longitudinal extension and RTS time was also investigated. RESULTS: The correlation between US and MRI measurements returned a Spearman value of rs = 0.61 (p = .001). Peetrons and Mueller-Wohlfahrt grading scales correlations with RTS time were r = 0.43 (p = .02) and r = 0.83 (p = < .001). The lesion's extension correlation with RTS time was r = 0.63 (p < .001). The correlation between the site of the lesion and its location with the RTS time were rs = 0.2 and rs = 0.25. CONCLUSIONS: Both US and MRI can be used as prognostic indicators along with the Peetrons (US) and the Mueller-Wohlfahrt (MRI) classifications. MRI is more precise and generates more reproducible results. The lesion craniocaudal extension must be considered as a prognostic indicator, while the injury location inside the muscle or along its major axis has doubtful significance.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Soccer: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: The National Collegiate Athletic Association held the first women's soccer championship in 1982; sponsorship and participation have greatly increased since. BACKGROUND: Routine examinations of athlete injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 seasons were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 8.33 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Lateral ligament complex tears (ankle sprains) (8.6%), concussions (8.3%), and quadriceps tears (5.0%) were the most commonly reported injuries. Rates of lateral ligament complex tears followed an increasing trajectory during the study period, whereas quadriceps tear rates fluctuated during the early years, and concussion rates decreased then increased. SUMMARY: The findings of this study were mostly consistent with existing evidence; notable temporal patterns were observed with regard to lateral ligament complex tears and concussions.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Soccer: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: The National Collegiate Athletic Association has sponsored men's soccer programs since 1959, and the popularity of the sport has grown over time. BACKGROUND: Routine examinations of athlete injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program from 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 8.51 per 1000 athlete exposures. Lateral ligament complex tears (ankle sprains) (9.2%), hamstring tears (7.0%), and concussions (5.2%) were the most commonly reported injuries. Rates of lateral ligament complex tears remained stable from 2014-2015 through 2018-2019, whereas hamstring tear rates decreased and concussion rates increased. SUMMARY: The findings of this study were in line with the existing epidemiological evidence, although notable temporal patterns were observed. Incidence trajectories of commonly observed injuries warrant particular attention in the future.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Volleyball: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: Women's volleyball is a globally popular sport with widespread participation at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) level. BACKGROUND: Routine examinations of NCAA women's volleyball injuries are important for recognizing emerging injury-related patterns in this population. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 athletic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 6.73 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Knee (14.6%) and ankle (13.8%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all reported injuries, and most injuries were attributed to overuse (26.1%) or noncontact (22.7%) mechanisms. Lateral ankle ligament complex tears (11.1%) and concussions (7.3%) were the most commonly reported specific injury. SUMMARY: Results indicate an increasing burden of practice-related injuries and the need to further examine overuse injuries. Lower-extremity injury prevention strategies and mechanisms of concussion also warrant further attention.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Lacrosse: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: Lacrosse is an increasingly popular sport; the number of teams participating in collegiate women's lacrosse has increased by 21.4% in the past 5 years. BACKGROUND: The growth of National Collegiate Athletic Association women's lacrosse, coupled with the ongoing discussions surrounding protective equipment, necessitates further epidemiologic studies in this population. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios with 95% CIs were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 4.99 per 1000 athlete exposures. Less than 30% of injuries were time-loss injuries; injuries were most commonly attributed to noncontact (26.6%) and overuse (25.2%) mechanisms. The most commonly reported specific injuries were lateral ligament complex tears (ankle sprains; 9.1%), concussions (7.2%), and hamstring tears (3.8%). SUMMARY: Findings from this study were consistent with the existing epidemiologic evidence in previous studies. Injury incidence in practices, in preseason, and as a result of player contact warrant further attention in this population.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Basketball: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: Frequent inspection of sports-related injury epidemiology among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's basketball student-athletes is valuable for identifying injury-related patterns. BACKGROUND: Emerging patterns in epidemiology of NCAA women's basketball injuries are unknown though general sports medicine practices, and playing rules and regulations have evolved in recent years. METHODS: Athlete exposures (AEs) and injury incidence data were reported to the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program between 2014-2015 and 2018-2019. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to examine injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios (IRRs) were used to assess injury rate differences. RESULTS: Practice and competition injury rates were 5.93 and 10.35 per 1000 AEs, respectively. Preseason injury rates were higher than regular (IRR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.53) and postseason (IRR = 3.12; 95% CI = 2.39, 4.07). Ankle sprains (14.3%), concussions (7.5%), and anterior cruciate ligament tears (2.5%) were the most commonly reported injuries. SUMMARY: Higher rates of practice and competition injuries, as well as ankle sprains, were observed relative to previous reports; continuous monitoring is necessary to identify potential contributing factors to these trends.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Swimming and Diving: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has sponsored men's swimming and diving since 1937. BACKGROUND: Routine examinations of men's swimming and diving injuries are important for identifying emerging injury-related patterns. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 1.56 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) for swimmers and 1.52 per 1000 AEs for divers. Shoulder (27.0%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all swimming injuries, and most injuries were attributed to overuse mechanisms (42.6%). Shoulder (23.3%) and trunk (23.3%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all diving injuries, and most injuries resulted from surface contact (32.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Findings were consistent with existing literature on swimming and diving. The need for continued surveillance, coupled with more robust participation by swimming and diving programs was also highlighted.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Cross-Country: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: Women's cross-country is a thriving sport at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) level with over 1000 sponsored programs association-wide. BACKGROUND: Routine examinations of women's cross-country injuries are important for identifying emerging time trends in injury incidence and outcomes. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program from 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 3.96 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Most reported injuries were inflammatory conditions (33.6%), strains (17.7%), and fractures (9.1%). The most commonly reported injuries were medial tibial stress syndrome (10.0%) and lateral ligament complex tears (ankle sprains; 4.2%). SUMMARY: Findings of this study were not entirely consistent with existing evidence. Future studies are needed to examine the nature of inflammatory conditions and fractures in this population, as well as temporal patterns in commonly reported injuries.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Track and Field: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: Women's track and field events at the National Collegiate Athletic Association level have grown in popularity in recent years, and track and field athletes are vulnerable to a broad range of potential injuries. BACKGROUND: Routine examination of track and field injuries is important for identifying emerging patterns in injury incidence. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 2.20 per 1000 athlete exposures; the competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate (injury rate ratio = 1.73; 95% confidence interval = 1.51, 1.97). Hamstring tears (8.9%), medial tibial stress syndrome (5.4%), and lateral ligament complex tears (4.2%) were the most reported injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Given the results of this study, further attention may be directed toward factors associated with noncontact injury risk in the competitions. The changing injury rates of most reported injuries also warrant monitoring post 2018-2019.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Cross-Country: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: The National Collegiate Athletic Association has sponsored men's cross-country programs since 1938, and the sport has grown greatly in scope since then. BACKGROUND: Routine examinations of men's cross-country injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 4.01 per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs). Most reported injuries were inflammatory conditions (30.2%), strains (18.7%), and sprains (11.5%); rates of inflammatory conditions were highest in preseason. The most commonly reported injuries were lateral ligament complex tears (ankle sprains; 8.2%). SUMMARY: Findings of this study were not entirely consistent with existing evidence; continued monitoring of competition injury rates and rates of commonly reported injuries is needed beyond 2018-2019.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Track and Field: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: College athletes have been competing in championship track and field events since 1921; the numbers of competing teams and participating athletes have expanded considerably. BACKGROUND: Monitoring injuries of men's track and field athletes using surveillance systems is critical in identifying emerging injury-related patterns. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics; injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: Overall, men's track and field athletes were injured at a rate of 2.37 per 1000 athlete-exposures; injuries occurred at a higher rate during competition compared with practice. Most injuries were to the thigh (26.2%), lower leg (17.3%), or knee (10.7%) and were caused by noncontact (37.2%) or overuse (31.5%) mechanisms. The most reported injury was hamstring tear (14.9%). SUMMARY: The etiologies of thigh and lower-leg injuries warrant further attention in this population. Future researchers should also separately examine injury incidence during indoor and outdoor track and field seasons.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Ice Hockey: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has sponsored women's ice hockey championships since 2001, and sponsorship has grown over time. BACKGROUND: Routine examinations of injuries sustained by athletes are important for identifying and understanding patterns that can be used to inform sport safety practices. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program from 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 5.89 per 1000 athlete-exposures; preseason injury incidence rose sharply during 2016-2017 through 2018-2019. Head/face injuries (15.2%), knee injuries (13.2%), and shoulder injuries (12.9%) were the most commonly injured body parts, and injuries were most often classified as contusions (18.9%), strains (18.7%), and sprains (15.5%). Concussion (11.9%) was the most commonly reported specific injury, and concussion rates notably increased during 2017-2018 through 2018-2019. SUMMARY: Study findings were generally consistent with the existing epidemiological evidence. Injury incidence in preseason and the etiology of strains warrant further attention in this population.

Methods of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program, 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

BACKGROUND: Since 1982, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has collaborated with athletic trainers (ATs) to create the largest ongoing collegiate sports injury database in the world. This report provides an operational update of the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA ISP) during the academic years 2014-2015 through 2018-2019. SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM STRUCTURE: The NCAA ISP used a convenience sampling technique via a rolling recruitment model. The ATs at contributing institutions voluntarily submitted data into their respective electronic medical record systems; common data elements were pushed to and maintained by the Datalys Center. The ATs provided information about all team-related activities, even if no injury occurred during that activity, as well as detailed reports on each injury, including condition and circumstances. SUMMARY: The NCAA ISP has a long-standing role in supplying NCAA stakeholders with crucial injury surveillance data, playing a critical part in safeguarding student-athletes participating in collegiate sports.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Tennis: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has sponsored men's tennis programs since 1982. The popularity of tennis has grown, as has sponsorship of men's tennis within NCAA institutions. BACKGROUND: Continued monitoring of athletic injuries is important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 4.41 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Lateral ligament complex tears of the ankle (8.5%) were the most reported injury. Trunk (15.1%) and shoulder (13.2%) injuries accounted for the largest proportions of all injuries. Noncontact and overuse were the most common mechanisms of injury among all reported injuries, together accounting for 69.4% of all injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this study differed slightly from previous studies, most notably in specific injuries reported. Continued monitoring of specific injury incidence as well as greater participation in injury surveillance is needed to inform the development of nuanced injury prevention strategies for this population.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Ice Hockey: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: The National Collegiate Athletic Association has supported men's ice hockey, a distinct sport that mandates high-velocity gamesmanship, since 1974. BACKGROUND: Injury surveillance systems are designed to identify evolving injury trends and their temporal qualities. Continual monitoring of collegiate men's ice hockey athletes remains essential. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program from 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios (IRR) were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 7.65 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Injuries from competition occurred at a rate nearly 7 times that from practice injuries (IRR = 6.54, 95% CI = 6.08, 7.04). The most common specific injury diagnoses were concussions (9.6%), acromioclavicular sprains (7.3%), and medial collateral ligament tears (3.7%). SUMMARY: Injury rates by event type and season segment were higher than previously reported. Contusions accounted for nearly a quarter of all injuries, and acromioclavicular sprain rates increased notably across the study period.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Football: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: Football is among the most popular collegiate sports in the United States, and participation in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football has risen in recent years. BACKGROUND: Continued monitoring of football injuries is important for capturing the evolving burden of injuries in NCAA football. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of football-related injuries among men's NCAA football players during the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 academic years. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 9.31 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Most injuries occurred during general play (17.5%), blocking (15.8%), and tackling (14.0%). Concussions (7.5%), lateral ligament complex tears (6.9%), and hamstring tears (4.7%) were the most commonly reported injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study were generally consistent with previous findings, though changes over time in rates of commonly reported injuries warrant attention. Continued monitoring of injury incidence is needed to appraise the effectiveness of recently implemented rules changes.

Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Swimming and Diving: 2014-2015 Through 2018-2019.

CONTEXT: The number of women's swimming and diving teams sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association has increased over the last 5 years. BACKGROUND: Routine examinations of women's swimming and diving injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns. METHODS: Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 athletic seasons were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates. RESULTS: The overall injury rate was 1.78 per 1000 athlete-exposures in swimmers and 2.49 per 1000 AEs in divers. Shoulder (33.0%) injuries accounted for the largest proportion of all swimming injuries; most injuries were classified as overuse (51.3%). Head or face (29.4%) and trunk (20.2%) injuries accounted for the largest proportions of all diving injuries. SUMMARY: Findings indicated that shoulder and trunk injuries, as well as injuries resulting from overuse mechanisms, warrant further attention in swimming. Given the low in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program observed across the study period, the need for greater participation in sports injury surveillance is also apparent.